Yes, the air in Colombo is contaminated, and sad to say the situation is far from good. The current air quality in the city is classified as "Moderate," with a US AQI (Air Quality Index) of 89 and PM2.5 concentration at 30.3 µg/m³, which is 6.1 times higher than the World Health Organization's annual air quality guideline value. This level of pollution calls for immediate action. Sensitive groups should avoid outdoor exercise and take precautions such as closing windows to avoid dirty outdoor air and wearing masks outdoors. If the air pollution in Colombo continues to rise in the coming years, Colombo residents could face severe health and environmental issues.
Colombo is in the midst of a public health emergency due to the rapidly increasing levels of fine particulate matter causing severe air pollution and leading to a spike in respiratory conditions such as asthma ((According to a 2019 report, asthma is the 7th leading cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) per 100,000 in Sri Lanka) bronchitis, COPD, and even lung cancer. This indiscriminate rise in air pollution is affecting residents of all ages, with the most profound effects on vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health challenges. The city's air quality issues are also extending to cardiovascular health, heightening the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other vascular diseases, putting additional stress on both the healthcare system and the individual sufferers.
The pollutant-rich air of Colombo is a ticking time bomb, severely affecting the health and quality of life of its residents. The vulnerable groups, including children, seniors, expectant mothers, and those with previous respiratory issues, are at a higher risk of exacerbated health issues, ranging from acute respiratory problems and severe bronchial infections to a broad array of allergic responses. The cumulative health impacts due to air pollution not only cause immediate distress, including throat irritation and chest pain, but also pose long-term risks, potentially curtailing the lifespan of Colombo's residents. It's alarming to know that ambient air pollution is responsible for an estimated 4.2 million deaths per year worldwide due to various diseases, as stated by the WHO.
Colombo's deteriorating air quality is a grave concern that poses serious health risks to its residents, impacting the city's economic vitality and ecological balance. Poor air conditions increase absenteeism from work and schools, hindering productivity and academic success. With rising pollution-related illnesses, healthcare systems and individual budgets face financial strains. Additionally, the city's reputation among potential investors and tourists is at stake, threatening economic growth and tourism revenue. The smog also reduces visibility, causing transportation disruption and diminishing the quality of life, while putting sensitive ecosystems and species in danger. Therefore, it is crucial to take decisive action against air pollution to safeguard the health of Colombo's residents and ensure that the city continues to be a desirable destination for visitors. A comprehensive approach is imperative to preserving Colombo's environmental integrity and sustaining its economic and social well-being.
The struggle with air pollution in Colombo is a multi-faceted problem that demands immediate action. Vehicle emissions, particularly from older vehicles lacking modern controls, account for about 70% of the city's pollution. Domestic and industrial waste burning, as well as urban solid waste, are additional sources of pollution. This environmental challenge not only affects the air we breathe, but also leads to reduced soil fertility, plant damage, and the disturbance of aquatic ecosystems due to acid rain, contributing to the overarching problem of global warming.
So, what can be done? Fortunately, several successful mitigation strategies implemented in other countries offer valuable insights for Colombo. Here are some key solutions, drawing inspiration from global successes
Transportation Sector
There are several effective strategies that can be implemented to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable transportation. One such approach is to enforce stricter vehicle emission standards, such as the Euro 6 or equivalent standards, for new vehicles while phasing out older, high-emitting vehicles. Additionally, congestion charges or bans on older vehicles in central areas can also be considered. The success story of London's Ultra Low Emission Zone serves as an excellent example of this.
Another strategy is to invest in public transportation by expanding and improving bus, metro, and rail networks. Offering fare subsidies and convenient connections can encourage ridership. A great example of this is Bogotá's TransMilenio, which has been successful in promoting public transportation.
The promotion of electrification and alternative fuels is another effective way to reduce carbon emissions. This can be achieved by supporting the transition to electric buses, taxis, and personal vehicles with charging infrastructure. Additionally, pilot programs for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can be considered, and cleaner fuels like biodiesel and compressed natural gas can be incentivized. The success stories of Oslo's EV adoption and China's electric bus deployment are worth mentioning in this context.
Finally, promoting micromobility, such as cycling and walking, can be achieved by providing dedicated lanes, bike-sharing programs, and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure. An excellent example of this is Copenhagen's cycling culture, which encourages cycling and walking through well-designed infrastructure.
Industrial Sector
There are various ways to address industrial pollution and promote cleaner production practices. One approach is to upgrade industrial processes by implementing stricter regulations and offering incentives to encourage industries to modernize their equipment and adopt cleaner production practices. A successful example of this is California's cap-and-trade program.
Another approach is to encourage industries to switch to cleaner fuel sources, such as natural gas, and invest in emission control technologies like scrubbers and particulate filters. China's industrial pollution control efforts are a successful example of this approach.
Additionally, relocating highly polluting industries away from densely populated areas and establishing clear zoning regulations for industrial activities can be effective. Beijing's industrial relocation is a success story of this approach.
Energy Sector
The transition towards renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower is crucial to achieving a sustainable future. Countries around the world are taking steps to phase out their dependence on coal-fired power plants and accelerate the shift towards renewable energy. Germany's Energiewende is a success story that showcases the benefits of such a transition.
Another key aspect of sustainable energy is energy efficiency. Implementing building codes and incentives for energy-efficient appliances, lighting, and industrial processes is an effective way to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Singapore's Green Mark scheme is a success story that highlights the importance of such initiatives. By promoting energy-efficient practices, we can effectively reduce our carbon footprint and move closer towards a sustainable future.
Urban Planning and Green Infrastructure
Urban Greening is a strategy that involves planting more trees and creating green spaces within the city to absorb pollutants and improve air quality. Beijing's greening efforts have been successful in mitigating the impact of air pollution.
Urban Design for Better Ventilation is another approach that involves considering wind tunnel studies and modifying urban layouts to promote better air circulation and dispersion of pollutants. Singapore's "sky corridors" are a great example of this approach in action.
Community-based air quality monitoring is a third approach that empowers citizens with real-time air quality data to raise awareness and advocate for action. India's SAFAR air quality index has been successful in achieving this goal.
Education and Awareness
Public awareness campaigns are an effective way to educate the public about the health impacts of air pollution. These campaigns promote eco-friendly behaviors like avoiding single-use plastics and choosing sustainable transportation options. One example of a successful public awareness campaign is China's air quality awareness campaigns.
Community engagement is another key strategy to improve air quality. Involving local communities in air quality monitoring, tree planting initiatives, and advocacy efforts can lead to positive change. India's Clean Air Action Group is a great example of a successful community engagement initiative.
At the end of the day, Colombo's air pollution crisis demands immediate action. To achieve cleaner air, Colombo must adopt and customize successful international strategies to fit its unique environmental, social, and economic landscape. The city can become a success story by leveraging international insights and innovating local solutions that reflect its identity. The journey towards breathable air is an urgent challenge and opportunity to safeguard the health of residents, protect natural beauty, and ensure prosperity for generations to come. A tailored approach that speaks to the heart of Colombo is needed now to make the city breathe easy once again.